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SOURCES OF "BORROWED" COPY IN AMBROSE HENKEL'S
VIRGINISCHE VOLKSBERICHTER (1807-1809)
By CHRISTOPHER DOLMETSCH
University of Wisconsin—Madison
Just as a few people achieve a certain degree of fame merely by virtue
of their longevity, early newspapers of which complete files are extant tend
to find an inordinate amount of attention regardless of their success or
failure. Thus much mention is made in local histories of the New Market,
Virginia, weekly Virginische Volksberichter und Neumarketer Wochen-
schrift which lasted exactly from December 16, 1807 to June 14, 1809 while
virtually nothing has been written about the much more original and im-
portant Westliche Correspondenz of Hagerstown, Maryland, which Johann
Gruber launched in September 1796. Gruber's paper was still being pub-
lished some thirty years later. Only scattered copies have surfaced despite
diligent search. In contrast, Ambrose Henkel's short-lived Volksberichter
is well documented. Not only have all issues been preserved, also his first
(1807) and last (1809) subscribers' lists are available for research.¹ The
Volksberichter issues contain no less than twenty "borrowed" articles
which were attributed to Gruber's paper. Similar credit was given by Hen-
kel to other "borrowings". The abundance of such references led to a
systematic listing of all such reprints from other periodicals which is
appended here to a brief description of Henkel's newspaper in the belief
that it will provide other researchers with hitherto unknown or unidenti-
fied material from contemporary newspapers for which no or only scat-
tered files are extant.
Ambrose Henkel (1786-1870) must have been unaware of the failure
of his two predecessors, Matthias Bartgis in Winchester and John Wise in
Staunton, whose German newspapers never found sufficient support,² when
he decided to publish a weekly German newspaper in the hamlet of New
Market. His enthusiasm for this venture was perhaps first sparked by the
rudimentary journalistic experience he gained while working as an appren-
tice in the German and English printng office of J. P. Stark and Daniel P.
Lange in Hanover Pennsylvania during the summer and early fall of 1807.
While it is not entirely clear from the scant correspondence and few surviv-
ing notes from this period exactly what duties Ambrose was contracted to
perform, it may be surmised from his subsequent activity in Virginia, that
he spent no small amount of time setting type and working the presses
for the Hanover Gazette und Unpartheyische Wochenschrift, one of that
town's two weekly newspapers.
By early August of 1807 Ambrose had, in fact, already expressed his
desire to establish a similar newspaper to his older brother Solomon Hen-
kel, the founder and manager of the Henkel Press, and to his somewhat
skeptical father, Pastor Paul Henkel. In a letter dated August 2, 1807 he
promised to provide Solomon at once with some 40 copies of a prospectus
he was preparing in order to begin soliciting subscriptions to the paper well
in advance of its actual appearance. From this letter it is also evident that
[57]
Ambrose had originally intended to commence regular publication of his
paper immediately upon return from Pennsylvania in late October of
1807. But, as he wrote to Solomon, a postponment to the following 6th
of January might be required to enable the press to be properly set up.³
As it turned out, however, neither Ambrose nor Solomon had very long
to wait for the first issue of the Volksberichter to appear. With a pros-
pectus already in circulation among the Germans of Shenandoah, Rocking-
ham and Augusta counties in Virginia and further south in North Carolina
(as transported by Paul Henkel), Starck and Lange allowed their appren-
tice the use of their presses one final time to print the first issue of his
paper just prior to returning home. Since the first issue was intended as
much to attract subscribers as it was to provide an attractive array of
news, it was accordingly numbered Band I Numero 0 (Vol. I, No. 0),
dated October 7, 1807. It was, in all likelihood, distributed free. He
selected for his newspaper's masthead, perhaps from among a number of
cuts offered him by Stark and Lange, an American eagle perched atop a
motto curiously omitted from all future issues: "Ich bin dem Patriot,
Religion und Warheit treu; fände ich auch weder Gold noch Brot noch Ehr
dabey" ("I am true to the patriot, religion and truth; ThoughI might find
neither gold, nor bread, nor honor by it "). The use of the American eagle
as an adornment was quite prevalent in the age of Jeffersonian Democracy,
particularly among the German backwoods population. Beginning, how-
ever, with the issue of February 3, 1808 (Band I, Num. 8), this cut was
drastically but explicably altered to that of a postrider making his rounds
and blowing his horn to the tune of "Ich bring das Neu's! So gut ich's
weiss!" (I bring the news! As well as I know it!"). A week earlier Jacob D.
Dietrich's German Adler (Eagle) began publication in Staunton with a
masthead that was also dominated by the national bird. Despite this direct
competition, Henkel's venture seemed promising at the start. The original
subscribers' list comprises over 260 names, including those of people prom-
inent in local and regional affairs.
With his first issue of the paper, Ambrose Henkel initiated a series of
brief editorial columns, written by himself, in which he pledged to include
not only news from all neighboring states and abroad, but also to give
"the particulars of deaths and accidents of public interest" as well as the
latest weekly market prices for both New Market and Alexandria, Virginia,
the last being a promise he was soon to regret.
4
Once in New Market, Ambrose was immediately preoccupied with
the burdensome task of printing and distributing the Minutes of the
Special Conference of the Evangelical Lutheran Ministers in Virginia which
had just been held at the local Davidsburg Church. Presumably by mid-
November the task was completed and Ambrose was free to begin the
regular issues of his newspaper by Christmas-time. Thus, the first issue of
the Volksberichter (Band I, Num. 1) printed in New Market appeared
somewhat ahead of the schedule on December 16, 1807, the very week in
which Jacob D. Dietrich also sought subscribers to his forthcoming Ger-
man newspaper Der Deutsche Virginier Adler a few dozen miles to the
south in Stauton.
5
Whether Ambrose Henkel intentionally hastened publication of his
paper by three weeks merely to eclipse Dietrich's efforts at attracting sub-
scribers will probably never be known for sure. That these two Virginia-
German printers were already acquainted, however, is certain; if not per-
sonally, then at least through each other's printed work. There are many
[58]
references to "Herr Dietrich" and the to Stauton papers, the Eagle and
the Adler, throughout the course of the Volksberichter and one may assume
the same was true for"Herr Henkel" in Dietrich's Deutsche Virginier Adler
as well. Dietrich's name also appears as an exchange publisher on a second
surviving subscribers' list—that for 1809—along with such fellow-printers
as Gruber, Starck & Lange and Bartgis & Lingan in Winchester.
Although the first regular issue of the Volksberichter was printed on the
Henkels' original crude makeshift press, it was not so markedly different
from the promotional issue printed at Stark and Lange's. The lighter
weight of the press and the reliance on second-hand type acquired from
Gruber often left an uneven impression on the pages. In both form and
content the Volksberichter did not differ greatly from most other German-
language newpapers of its day. From the surviving copies of such con-
temporary papers as Johann Ritter's Readinger Adler, Gruber's Westliche
Correspondenz and Heinrich Benjamin Grimmler's Wahre Amerikaner it
is easy to see how alike these papers were. Most were printed on a stand-
ard 17" x 21" sheet of paper, folded lengthwise in-half to provide four
pages of print; all included similar publication data prominently displayed
on one of the first two pages; all carried an assortment of notices and ads,
usually on pages 3 and 4; and all sold for a dollar (the price of the Volks-
berichter) or a dollar and a half per year.
Regarding its content, moreover, the Volksberichter could be described
as having been conservative in its religious and political views. The most,
in fact, that could be said was that it leaned heavily in support of President
Jefferson and his Republican Party. In the prospectus issued on October
13, 1807, Ambrose Henkel had pledged not to devote any space in his
paper to diatribes of a political or religious nature and to conduct it gen-
erally in an impartial fashion. This simply meant to adhere to an unques-
tioning and uncritical view of the government in domestic affairs and to
a traditional "status quo" approach in foreign affairs.
Domestic issues dominated the news with particular notice given such
controversial topics as slavery and restrictions on American free trade. The
Henkels, like most Virginia Germans of their day, were caught up in the
highly complex and disturbing debate surrounding the ownership and
treatment of black slaves. It is known that although discouraged by Luth-
eran and other German clergy, slavery was not only tolerated, but prac-
ticed among those Virginia Germans who could afford slaves. Paul Henkel,
for example, owned a number of black slaves at various times in his life
and from a rare document surviving from 1827 it is known that Ambrose,
too, once had slaves to trade.
6
It is tempting to speculate that one of
these slaves may have helped run the New Market press and printed
copies of the Volksberichter which carried a scathing indictment of the
continuing importation of African slaves (Band I, Num. 9). One should
note, however, that the more weighty discussions on slavery rarely, if ever,
came from the Henkels' own pens. In fact, of all the material in the Volks-
berichter itself, less than one-fourth, or one page per issue, was actually
of local origin. As with most of its provincial contemporaries, nearly
seventy-five percent of each issue of the paper came directly from other
sources, chiefly from other German- or English-language newspapers.
These "borrowings" for the most part were copied straight from
the pages of the most recent newspapers received by the Henkels. For
not only did Solomon have access to various papers by running a local
subscribers' service, he more than likely saw additional papers in his ca-
pacity as New Market's postmaster as well. Indeed, the pratice of "bor-
[59]
rowing" copy was universal among American newspapers of the 18th and
19th centuries, especially before the founding of nationwide news services.
As often as not these articles were credited to whatever could be considered
their original source. Thus copy attributed to the Kennebec Gazette in
distant Maine may have already been "borrowed" by a half dozen papers
before reaching the pages of the Volksberichter. The translation was prob-
ably done weeks before in Pennsylvania. Other stories, however, especially
those from a lesser distance, probably came directly from their credited
sources. Because of the predominance of such "borrowings" many Ger-
man readers in the Shenandoah Valley, who already subscribed to other
publications, may have refused to support their local paper preferring to
get their news by more direct means.
While the sources for many of these "borrowings" are readily known,
an almost equal number of stories went entirely uncredited and so could
very easily have passed for original material. Thanks to a chance discovery,
however, it can now be said for certain that truly original stories were few
and far between. In the issue of February 10th, 1808 (Band I, Num.
9) appeared a spirited editorial attack on the continued importation
of African slaves. Undoubtably such remarks could have very easily flowed
from Pastor Paul Henkel's own pen. Indeed its style and manner are
highly reminiscent of his evangelical sermons. It was, however, only after
stumbling across a rather worn copy of Gruber's Westliche Correspondenz
from the previous week (February 6, 1808), the only known copy of that
paper from this particular time, that the source for this article was finally
found.
7
The texts were identical and one might likewise infer that Gruber
could have also "borrowed" it from yet another undisclosed source. In
light of the abundance of unattributed print, the accompanying list of
periodicals used can by no means be considered a definitive index. It is
meant, rather, to give an impression of the known extent of such "borrow-
ings." In all probability it is the first such record compiled of any early
German-language newspaper and thus may be of some value in future
research, especially in such instances where few, if any, copies of the
original paper survive.
For the most part what local news there was usually consisted of two
types of stories; either very short pieces of general interest, such as reports
of accidents, marriages and deaths; or somewhat lengthier comments based
on current events, as perhaps best illustrated by an anonymous farmer's
appeal for the local electorate to get out and vote (Band I, Num. 45).
While such local copy was indeed fairly sparse, it still provides some in-
sights into the composition and character of Virginia-German society of
the time. Local advertisements and public notices, the important role of
farming in the Shenandoah Valley from the services of carding machines
to those of local grist mills; and from champion stud horses to itinerant
harvest hands, all modes of rural life were reflected in the back pages of
the Volksberichter. Then too, when spring thaws each year caused rivers
and creeks to rise and the north-south mail rider was unable to meet his
appointed rounds, the Henkels had to scramble about composing short
articles to fill up remaining space, or, as often as not, simply copy excerpts
out of books on their shelves. Here the works of the contemporary German
pietist-philosopher Heinrich Jung-Stilling proved extremely will-suited,
especially his Heimweh and Leben which could be easily abridged. So too
such favorites as Matthias Bartgis' Haus- und Stallartzt and Johann Gru-
ber's Volksfreund und Hagerstauner Calender seem to have contributed
their share to the paper.
[60]
A short poem, usually from an unspecified source, was another weekly
local feature of the Volksberichter. It customarily ran on page 4 under the
heading of "Harf der Musen" and whereas contemporary classical German
literature was then virtually unknown in Virginia, Schiller's poems Der
Mensch and Würde der Frauen did appear on two separate occasion.
8
The local news stories themselves were generally rather dull and life-
less. By far the most intriguing was the series of short reports which ran
from the 11th to the 25th of May 1808 concerning the tragic drowning of
young Catharina Kurz, the daughter of Friedrich Kurz of Winchester, a
close personal friend of Paul Henkel's and herself a friend of Paul's daugh-
ter Sabina. Although the circumstances surrounding the girl's sudden
death by falling from a horse into the swollen Shenandoah River were quite
clear, many citizens of New Market were given to suspect foul play. Thus
the unpleasant task befell Paul Henkel to dispell the nasty rumors by
attributing the girl's mishap to the same bad spirits "as often overcome
disbelievers like yourselves."
9
Such controversy, however, could by no means be considered a trade-
mark of the Volksberichter. In fact by comparison to some other German-
language newspapers of that day, Ambrose Henkel gave his readers rela-
tively little to dispute. He relied far too much on the continued support
of all sectors of the Valley German populace to allow any sort of altercation
to emerge from his paper.
Although the second surviving subscribers' list of 1809 suggests an
increase in readership by the spring of that year, the Volksberichter had
become a losing proposition. Whether it simply was due, as Ambrose
Henkel maintained, to a lack of funds and insufficient readership is diffi-
cult to say. Certainly what had started with great hopes ended in bitter
disapointment barely thirty months later, with the issue of June 14, 1809
(Band II, Num. 78). Perhaps it was as Jacob D. Dietrich also discovered,
that the rural German population of the Shenandoah Valley was not
learned enough to appreciate a regular weekly German paper. It could
likewise have been that those with both time and interest enough preferred
to read English-language papers instead. This latter argument would cer-
tainly bolster the claim that by 1800 English was making significant
inroads at the expense of standard High German, although dialects per-
sisted well into this century.
10
Yet, while the Volksberichter died on a sobering note, German language
printing in the valley continued to flourish and actually only peaked a full
decade later.*
1
Fairly complete files of the Virginische Volksberichter may be found at the following institutions:
University of Virginia Library; Duke Unversity Library; The College of William & Mary, and the
Rockingham County Historical Society in Harrisonburg, VA. The latter also preserves the 1807 sub-
scribers' list. The 1809 subscribers' list is at the University of Virginia Library. See also Klaus
Wust, "German Printing in Virginia: A Check List, 1789-1834," The Report, SHGM, XXVIII (1953),
particularly p. 58. A revision and updating of the check list is being prepared by the author of this
article,
2
Klaus Wust, "The English and German Printing Office: Bilingual Printers in Virginia and Mary-
land," The Report, SHGM, XXXII (1966) 24-37.
3
Ambrose Henkel to Solomon Henkel, August 2, 1807 (Henkel Papers, Virginia State Library).
For additional information on the Henkel New Market Press see C.O. Miller, "The Henkel Press of
New Market, Virginia," Henckel Family Records XIV (New Market, Va., 1939) 601-28, 687; and
Albert Sydney Edmonds, "The Henkels, Early Printers in New Market, Virginia," WMQ 2nd Series
XVIII (1938) 174-95.
4
In a brief statement in the April 6, 1808 issue of the Volksberichter Ambrose Henkel agreed
to cease quoting market prices. This was apparently in direct response to accusations from farmers
and traders that the prices they realized in Alexandria turned out to be substantially lower than
those quoted.
5
For Dietrich see The Report, SHGM, XXXII (1966) 32-34. Several of Jacob D. Dietrich's
Hagerstown and early Staunton imprints have turned up among books once owned by members of the
[61]
Henkel family; this includes a copy of Dr. Martin Luther's Shorter Catechism from 1808 with mar-
ginal notes in Paul Henkel's handwriting, some of which were later incorporated in the Henkels
own catechisms (Copy: Rockingham County Historical Society).
6
Record of 1827 Slave Trade Between John Hoyle, Jr. & Ambrose Henkel," in Manuscripts
Department, University of Va. Library.
7
From Westliche Correspondenz (Num 450), copy located in the Virginia-German Imprints Col-
lection, The Rockingham County Historical Society, Harrisonburg, Va.
8
Schiller's Der Mensch appeared on August 10, 1808 (Band I, Num. 35) and Würde der Frauen
on February 8, 1809 (Band II, Num. 61).
9
Volksberichter, May 18, 1808 (Bond I, Num. 23).
10
See Christopher Dolmetsch, "Studies in Shenandoah Valley German: A Critical Survey,"
Journal of German-American Studies XII (Spring 1977) 25-33.
*The author is especially grateful to Marguerite Priode of the Rockingham County Historical
Society; Edmund Berkeley, Jr. and his staff of the Manuscripts Department, University of Virginia
Library; and Klaus Wust, Editor of The Report, for their cooperation and assistance throughout this
and related projects.
LIST OF KNOWN CONTRIBUTING SOURCES TO THE
VIRGINISCHE VOLKSBERICHTER (1807-1809)
I. GERMAN LANGUAGE PUBLICATIONS.
1.
Amerikanische Staatsbothe, (1800-33?) Lancaster, Pennsylvania; publ. Georg &
Peter Albrecht; after January 18, 1809 Anton Albrecht (ad in Volks-
berichter).
I/22,1
I/29,3
2.
Baltimore Correspondent, (1809) Baltimore, Maryland; publ. Christian Sleim
[No known copy exists].
II/65,2 [March 8, 1809]
II/71,4
3. Deutsche Virginier Adler, (1807-09) Staunton, Virginia; publ. Jacob D. Diet-
rich; also listed as: der Virginische Deutsche, possibly also as: S(tauton)
Ad(ler)
[I/29,4], Virg. Zeit. [II/67,2], (these latter may refer to the
English edition, Staunton Eagle, which continued to appear during the
period of the German paper's suspension).
I/10,4
I/12,3
I/18,2-3
I/25,3
I/31,2
I/43,2
4.
Eastoner-Deutsche Patriot, (1805-14) Easton, Pennsylvania; publ. Jacob Wey-
gandt u. Co., also listed as: Weygandts Zeitung.
I/5,3
I/9,4
5.
Freymüthige Libanoner, (Jan. 1, 1807—Nov. 30, 1808) Lebanon, Pennsylvania;
publ. Jacob Schnee; also listed as: Libanon Zeit.
I/32,2
I/35,4
II/53,2 [Dec. 14, 1808;
indicates approx. two week delay in receiving
and reprinting from this newspaper]
6.
Hannover Gazette und Unpartheyische Wochenschrift, (1805-64) Hanover,
Pennsylvania; publ. J. P. Starck & Daniel P. Lange [earliest copy prev-
iously found: Aug. 8, 1811], listed as: Han. Gaz.
I/4,1
I/24,3
I/35,2
I/36,4
II/76,3
7.
Der Haus- und Stallartzt, first published 1784, reprinted 1794, 1796, 1805;
publ. Matthias Bartgis, Frederick, Maryland.
I/31,3
8.
Medizinische und Landwirtschaftliche Register, [No information available;
most likely a Pennsylvania publ.]
I/30,2
[62]
9. Neue Philadelphische Correspondenz, (1801-12) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
publ. John Geyers; listed as: Hr. Geyers Zeitung.
I/26,4
10.
Northampton Correspondent, (1806-1903) Eastern, Pennsylvania; publ. Chris-
tian Jacob Hütter; also listed as: aus Herrn Hütters Zeitung.
I/4,2
II/58,3
11.
Pennsylvanische Republikaner, (Jan. 27, 1808-1809) Chambersburg, Pennsyl-
vania; publ. Richard White & Frederick Geob [No copy of the German
edition of this paper has been found].
I/8,2 [Feb. 3, 1808]
I/28,1
I/31,1
I/35,1
12.
Readinger Adler, (1796-1913) Reading, Pennsylvania; publ. Johann Ritter.
I/2,2
I/16,2
13.
Readinger Zeitung, could be the above, or Standhafte Patriot, (1806-16) Read-
ing, Pennsylvania; publ. Gottlob Jungmann; or The Weekly Advertiser,
(1796-1816) Reading, Pennsylvania; publ. Gottlob Jungmann.
I/3,3
14.
Unpartheyische Amerikaner, (1807-14) Carlisle, Pennsylvania; publ. Friedrich
Sanno.
I/24,2
15.
Unpartheyische Härrisburger Morgenröthe, (1799-1840) Harrisburg, Pennsyl-
vania; publ. Benjamin Mayer & Conrad Fahnestock; usually listed as:
Härisburger Morgenr.
I/0,3
I/14,2
I/21,3
II/56,2 [Jan. 4, 1809:
"aus der H. Mr. vom Sten Dec."] II/58,2
16.
Wahre Amerikaner, (1804-38) Lancaster, Pennsylvania; publ. Heinrich Ben-
jamin Grimmler; also listed as: Lancaster Wahre Americaner, and Herr
Grimmlers Zeitung.
I/1,4
I/11,1
I/21,1
I/24,1
I/26,3 I/27,3
I/34,4
I/39,2
I/43,3 II/54,4 II/63,3
II/65,3
II/68,2 II/77,3
17.
Weltbothe und Unpartheyische Libanoner Wochenschrift, (Jan. 3, 1809-1810?)
Lebanon, Pennsylvania; publ. Solomon Mayer [who once solicied a partner-
ship with Ambrose Henkel, Oct. 1809].
II/65,3
II/66,2
II/72,4
II/74,3
18.
Westliche Correspondenz und Hägerstauner Wochenschrift, (1795-1830) Hagers-
town, Maryland; publ. Johann Gruber; also listed as: Grubers Zeitung and
Hägerstauner Zeitung.
I/1,3
I/3,3
I/5,2
I/10,3
I/14,3
I/25,3
I/28,3
I/31,2
I/35,3
I/42,1
I/43,3
I/49,3
I/50,2
I/52,4
II/53,4
II/54,4
II/56,4
II/57,3
II/59,1
II/65,2
[63]
II. ENGLISH-LANGUAGE PUBLICATIONS:
1.
Albany Register, (1788-1820+) Albany, New York; publ. Solomon Allen jun.
I/24,2
2.
Alexandria Advertiser, (1800-08) Alexandria, Virginia; publ. Samuel Snowden;
listed as: Alexandria Zeitung.
I/3,2
3.
Aurora, (1794-1820+) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; publ. William J. Duane &
Co.; also titled:
General Advertiser.
I/6,2
I/8,1
I/10,3
I/14,2
I/22,2
I/26,2-3 I/33,3
I/35,1-2
I/36,1
I/51,2
II/57,2
II/64,1
II/65,2 II/66,2
4.
Batimore American, (1799-1820+) Baltimore, Maryland; publ. William Pechin.
I/3,2
I/11,3
I/13,3
I/15,3
I/24,2
I/34,3
I/44,2
I/63,2
5.
Baltimore Evening Post, (1805-11) Baltimore, Maryland; publ. (Hezekiah)
Niles & (Leonard) Frailey; also listed as: Baltimorer Abendzeitung, and
Baltimorer Abendpost.
I/0,3
I/8,4
II/53,3
6.
Baltimore Federal Gazette, (1796-1820+) Baltimore, Maryland; publ. John
Hewes.
II/78,3
7.
Boston Gazette, (1800-1820+) Boston, Massachusetts; publ. Russell & Cutler;
also listed as: Bastoner Gazette and aus der B.G. vom 17ten October
(I/48,1 November 9, 1808).
I/5,3
I/15,2
I/36,2
I/48,1
I/51,2
8.
Cumberland Impartialist, (estbl. Jan. 1808-1809) Cumberland, Maryland; publ.
G.P.W. Butler [only issue found: Vol. I, no. 52, January 24, 1809].
I/2,3
9.
Democrat, (1804-09) Boston, Massachusetts; publ. Benjamin Parks.
II/13,3
10.
Democratic Press, (1807-20+) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; publ. John Binns;
listed as: Demokratische Presse.
I/3,3
I/22,2
II/61,1
II/70,4
II/72,3
11.
Federal City, (date unknown) Washington, D.C.; publ. unknown [NOTE: This
newspaper may have been an extension of Charles Cist's Washington City
Gazette of ca. 1800 of which no copies are now in existence save a circular
advertising the paper, dated July 21, 1800.] The Federal City is also cited
as a source by Johann Gruber in his Westliche Correspondenz (see list
I/18) of 6 Feb. 1808.
I/32,2
II/63,2
12.
Freeman's Journal and Philadelphia Mercantile Advertiser, (1804-20+) Phila-
delphia, Pennsylvania; publ. William M'Corkle & James Elliot; also listed
as: Mer. Adv. and Handlungs Advertiser, possibly also Kaufmanns Adv.
(I/33,4).
I/33,2
II/57,1-3
II/68,3
II/71,3
[64]
13.
Eastern Argus, (1803-20+) Portland, Maine; publ. Willis & Douglas.
II/61,3
14.
Herald, (1794-1820 + ) Norfolk, Virginia; publ. James O'Connor.
I/13,3
15.
Intelligencer, (1799-1820 + ) Lancaster, Pennsylvania; publ. William Dickson.
I/24,4
16.
Kennebec Gazette, (1800-10) Augusta, Maine; publ. Peter Edes.
I/14,3
17.
Luzerne Federalist und Susquehannah Intelligencer, (1801-11) Wilkesbarre,
Pennsylvania; publ. Charles Miner.
I/3,4
18.
Maryland Gazette, (1745-1820+) Annapolis, Maryland; publ. Frederick &
Samuel Green.
II/76,2
19.
Missouri Gazette, (1800-20+) St. Louis, Missouri; publ. Joseph Charless [to
Volksberichter via Paris, Kentucky paper of Hr. Johnson (?)].
I/40,4
II/62,2
20.
Monitor, (May 12, 1808-09) Washington, D.C.; publ. J. B. Colvin.
I/33,1 [July 27, 1808]
I/43,3
II/76,2
21. National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser, (1800-20+) Washington,
D.C.; publ. Samuel Harrison Smith.
I/21,1
I/34,4
II/53,4
II/62,2
II/69,1-2
22. New Orleans Gazette, (1804-20+) New Orleans, Louisiana; publ. John Mowry.
I/49-3
23.
New York Evening Post, (1801-20+) New York City, publ. Michael Burnham;
also listed as: New Yorker Abend Zeitung, Neu Yorker Abendpost, die
Neuyork Zeitung, Nuing Post.
I/0,2
I/17,2
I/25,3
I/26,3
I/31,2
I/34,3
I/37,3
I/50,1
II/61,1-3
24.
New York Gazette, (1795-1820+) New York City; publ. (John) Lang &
(John) Miner.
I/2,3
I/11,3
I/36,2
I/42,3
II/58,2
25.
L'Oracle and Daily Advertiser, (1808) New York City; publ. John Negrin &
Joseph Desmoues.
I/9,4
I/10,1
I/33,2
I/40,3
26.
Pennsylvania Correspondent and Farmers' Advertiser, (1804-20+) Doylestown,
Pennsylvania; listed as: Doylstaun Correspondent.
II/76,3
27.
Philanthropist, (1806-09) Winchester, Virginia; publ. Matthias E. Bartgis &
Joseph A. Lingan.
I/36,3
28.
Pittsburgh Gazette, (1786-1820) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; publ. John Scull.
I/2,3
[65]
29.
Political and Commercial Register, (1804-20+) Philadelphia, Pennslyvania;
publ. William Jackson; also listed as: Major Jackson's Zeitung, eine feder-
alistische Zeitung in Philadelphia; Philadelphia Register; Politischer Reg-
ister.
I/36,2
II/54,3
II/77,3
30.
Paulson's American Daily Advertiser, (1800-20+) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
publ. Zachariah Poulson; listed as: aus Poulsons Zeitung.
I/40,3
31.
Relfs Philadelphia Gazette, (1803-20+) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; publ. Sam-
uel Relf.
I/19,1
II/63,2
II/64,3
32.
Republican, (1799-1820+) Petersburg, Virginia; publ. Edward Pescud.
I/13,3
I/17,2
33.
Richmond Enquirer, (1804-20+) Richmond, Virginia; publ. Thomas Ritchie.
II/57,2
34.
Rutland Herald, (1794-1820) Rutland, Vermont; publ. William Fay.
I/25,2
35.
Salem Gazette, (1790-1820+) Salem, Massachusetts; publ. Thomas C. Cushing.
I/34,4
I/43,2-3
36.
Temperate Zone and Chester & Delaware Advertiser, (June 1808-July 1809)
Downingtown, Pennsylvania; publ. Charles Mowry.
I/36,3
37.
Trenton Federalist, (1798-1820+) Trenton, New Jersey; publ. George Sherman.
II/76,3
38.
Trenton True American, (1801-20+) Trenton, New Jersey; publ. (James J.)
Wilson & (Silas) Halsey(Jr.).
I/18,3
I/19,1
39.
United, States' Gazette, (1804-18) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Publ. E(nos)
Bronson.
II/67,2
40.
Washington Expositor, (November 14, 1807- 1809?) Washington, B.C.; publ.
(Richard) Dinmore & (William) Cooper.
I/4,2
I/20,2
41.
Washington Federalist, (1800-09) Washington, D.C.; publ. John S. Findlay.
I/5,3
I/6,3
I/16,3
I/31,2
I/36,2
42.
Western Citizen, (1808-20) Paris, Kentucky; publ. J(ohn) A. Grimes.
I/27,3
Several other references to publications could not yet be identified. They include
the following:
1.
Canadiagua Zeitung (I/52,2), probably Genesee Messenger or Western Reposi-
tory in Canadiagua, New York.
2.
Carleil Zeitung (I/49,4).
6. R I Zeitung (I/7,3).
3.
Chillicothe Zeitung (I/50,3).
7. Stär (sic). No location (I/8.2)
4.
Lancaster Zeitung (I/21,1).
8. Utica Zeitung (I/27,2), probably Co-
5.
Richmonder Zeitung (I/9,4).
lumbia Gazette or Patriot, Utica, N.Y.
[66]
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