CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE GERMAN ELEMENT TO THE GROWTH OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND By DIETER CUNZ The University of Maryland began as a Medical School in the year 1807. Its official name was "The College of Medi- cine of Maryland," after similar schools in Philadelphia, Harvard, Dart- mouth and New York, the fifth Medical College in the United States. Five years later a university was engrafted upon the Medical College and provisions were made to organize besides the existing medical division three new branches: of Divinity, of Law and of Arts and Sci- ences. Faculty members for the new departments were appointed in 1813, yet it was several years until the new branches began actually to function. The university branched out again in 1840, when the College of Pharmacy was added. Less foresight was shown when, in 1839, the university rejected the plan to establish a Department of Dentistry; subsequently a separate "Baltimore College of Dental Surgery" was founded in 1840, the first Dental College in the world. A generation later the necessity for such a depart- ment had become so urgent that in 1882 the university started its own Depart- ment of Dentistry. The School of Arts and Sciences, although officially estab- lished in 1812, was not active until 1831. In that year a regular college faculty was appointed and courses were begun in Philosophy, History, Classical and Modern Languages, Political Econ- omy, Geology, Rhetoric, Botany, Mathe- matics, Applied Chemistry and similar fields. The School of Arts and Sciences, however, was the weakest point of the university. Lack of funds, faults of or- ganizations, later the strong competi- tion of the newly founded Johns Hop- kins University caused such a decline of the Arts and Science Department that by the turn of the centuries it could not stand any more on its own feet; in 1907 it was merged with St. John's College in Annapolis, which from now on for several years represented "The Depart- ment of Arts and Sciences of the Uni- versity of Maryland." In the years 1913 and 1915 the Baltimore Medical College and the College of Physicians and Sur- geons were united with the University of Maryland Medical School. In spite of several changes and en- largements the basic structure of the uni- versity stood for more than a century the way it had been set up in 1812. Then the year 1920 brought a far-reach- ing reorganization. An Act of the Maryland Legislature merged the uni- versity with the Maryland State College in College Park in Prince George's County. From now on the name "Uni- versity of Maryland" applied to the two branches in Baltimore and College Park, which worked at separate localities but under a common administration. The Maryland State College first was chart- ered in 1856 under the name of Mary- land Agricultural College, the second agricultural college in America. It had profited by the Land Grant Act and had built up a high reputation in the field of agriculture. Through the Land Grant Act the college became, at least in part, a state institution; in 1914 its control was taken over entirely by the state. The charter of 1920 created a university, comparable to the great state universities of the West. The divi- sions of Medicine and Law remained in Baltimore; Engineering, Agriculture, Arts and Sciences were the backbone of the College Park branch near Washing- ton, D. C. The years of the founding of the two branches, 1807 and 1856, and the year of their fusion, 1920, mark the most important dates in the history of the university—therefore the official seal of the university shows these three dates. In the scope of this article we are particularly interested to see to what extent German immigrants or their de- [7] scendants contributed to the develop- ment of the university. Not until the beginning of the nine- teenth century did the German element in Baltimore develop something like a social  upperclass.   After   1815,  when new   waves    of   German   immigrants poured into the state, it became obvious that some of the older German immi- grant families, who had come during the last decades of the eighteenth cen- tury and who had gained wealth and reputation, were  becoming more and more an integral part of the "society" of the city—families like the Hoffmanns, the Mayers, the Fricks, the Bakers, and others.   These families were especially concerned about the lack of a higher type of educational institute in the city. These circles were therefore particular- ly interested when the idea of founding a college was brought up, and from these families again came quite a num- ber of teachers who built up the vari- ous schools and colleges which today are united under the common designa- tion of "The University of Maryland." It should be mentioned in this con- nection that the first medical teacher of any  prominence in  Baltimore was  a German immigrant: Charles Frederick Wiesenthal. He had come from Prussia in 1755, began to practice medicine in Baltimore, and in the eighties, deeply concerned about the lack of proper pro- fessional  training for young doctors, started a private medical school. Upon his  death  in  1789,  his son,  Andrew Wiesenthal, continued there courses on anatomy and surgery to the time of his own death in 1798.  This was the first medical school in the state until 1807, when   the   College   of   Medicine   was founded. In the early history of the College of Medicine the Baker family holds a con- spicuous place. Three of its members, Samuel Baker (1785-1835), and his two sons, William N. Baker (1811- 1841), and Samuel G. Baker (1814- 1841), belonged to the most outstand- ing and most popular professors in the Department of Medicine. Samuel Baker, born in Baltimore, was the son of a German immigrant. He was elected to the chair of "Materia Medica" in Bal- timore in 1809 and held this position until 1833. As president of several medical societies he was very active in the organization of the Medical Library in Baltimore. His oldest son, William Nelson Baker, became professor of Anatomy in 1838; his early death cut off a career which had begun under very promising circumstances. His brother, Samuel George Baker, suc- ceeded to his father's old chair in 1837; being at the time of his election only twenty-two, he was probably the young- est professor the university has ever had. George W. Miltenberger, born in Bal- timore in 1819, graduated from the University of Maryland in 1840. Upon completion of his studies he was im- mediately appointed demonstrator of Anatomy and in the ensuing years be- came lecturer on pathological anatomy. He was 'thirty-three years old when he accepted the chair of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. In 1855 he was made Dean of the Faculty, and a few years later he was chosen for the chair of Obstetrics. After half a century of teaching he retired in 1891. High honors in the academic and medical field were bestowed upon him; a great number of his scientific articles ap- peared in the "Maryland Medical Jour- nal" and the "Transactions of the Medi- cal and Chirurgical Faculty of Mary- land." In the history of the university he deserves special mention as one of the founders and first president (1880) of the alumni association. With the Baker brothers Charles Frick (1823-1860) shares the fate of brilliant careers suddenly ended by un- timely death. After having taught for several years in a Baltimore Prepara- tory School of Medicine he became pro- fessor in the Maryland College of Pharmacy in 1856 and two years later joined the Faculty of Physics (Medi- cine) at the University of Maryland. Although only a few short years were granted to him, his teaching and his research work were long remembered as a high point in medical science in Baltimore. He had a great reputation as an investigator; his chief interest was directed toward fevers, the blood, [8] the kidneys and their secretions. His book on "Renal Diseases" (1850) was in his time counted among the standard works in that field. After his death a branch of the Library of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty was named after him; besides, a "Charles Frick Research Fund" at the university pre- served his memory. In the twentieth century the Frieden- wald family played as important a role in the development of the Medical Faculty as the Baker family in the first half of the nineteenth century. Harry, Julius and Edgar, all three grandsons of Jonas Friedenwald, who had immi- grated from Hessia to Baltimore in 1832, rose to prominent rank in medical science. All three brothers were profes- sors at the University of Maryland, Harry Friedenwald in the field of oph- thalmology, Julius Friedenwald in gas- tro-enterology, Edgar Friedenwald in pediatrics. The most prominent German who ap- peared on the faculty list of the univer- sity during the last half century is prob- ably John C. Hemmeter. He was born in Baltimore in 1863, of parents who emigrated to America from Germany in 1848. He spent several years of his youth in Wiesbaden, Germany; later he attended Baltimore schools and gradu- ated from the Medical School of the University of Maryland in 1884. In 1903 he was appointed professor of Physiology in both the Medical and Dental Faculty. His medical practice was mostly limited to diseases of the stomach and intestines; he was prob- ably the first to use Roentgen rays for studying the size and location of the stomach. His articles were published in American, German, English and French journals and brought him international reputation and recognition. His various publications are too many to be enu- merated in this connection; only three of his main works may be mentioned here: "Diseases of the Stomach" (1897), "Dis- eases of the Intestines" (1902), and "Manual of Practical Physiology" (1912). His professional articles add up to the respectable sum of one hun- dred and seventy. In his later years his range of interest broadened into a com- paratively new field: the history of medical science. His book, "Master Minds in Medicine" (1927), became a landmark in medical historiography. Only in parentheses we may mention his artistic ambitions; he was a thor- oughly trained musician, and even com- posed scores for orchestra, voice and piano. His cantata "Hygiea," first performed at a meeting of the American Medical Association at Baltimore, is a praise of the science and art of medi- cine; after several performances in this country the cantata was successfully produced by the Leipzig University Choir (1923). When in 1931 Hem- meter died, his widow donated his valu- able medical library to the University of Maryland Medical School and his literary books to the College Park Library. Without going into details we shall briefly enumerate some other medical teachers of German descent who during the last decades taught (or still teach) at the University of Maryland: Ernest Zueblin, Pearce Kintzing, Harry M. Stein, Harvey G. Beck, Harry Adler (all in Clinical Medicine), Alfred Ullman (Surgery), Edward Uhlenhut (Anat- omy), Jose L. Hirsch (Pathology), T. F. Leitz (Gastro-Enterology), M. R. Kahn and H. K. Fleck (Ophthalmology), Frank D. Saenger (Rhino-Laryngol- ogy), James A. Nydegger (Tropical Medicine), Melvin Rosenthal (Derma- tology), Harry J. Deuel (Physiology), Frank W. Hachtel (Bacteriology), John Ruhräh (Pediatrics). A few words should be dedicated to the name of Frank C. Bressler (1855- 1935). He did not belong to the teach- ing staff of the University. He gradu- ated from the University and later, as professor of children's diseases, taught at the Baltimore College of Physicians and Surgeons; besides he practiced medicine in Baltimore. When he died he left to the University a fund with which the Frank Bressler Research Laboratory was established, providing teaching and research facilities for the departments of Anatomy, Histology, Em- bryology and Pharmacology. Frank Bressler's father, who originated from Frankenthal in Bavaria, had come to [9] the United States before the Civil War. The son was born in New York, but spent part of his youth in his father's home town. Frank Bressler's gift en- abled the University to start research work on a broader scale; the building which now houses the research division, the Bressler Building, preserves the name of the founder. In the annals of the Department of Dentistry the absence of German names is almost conspicuous. One of these ex- ceptions is John C. Uhler, who in 1900 became professor of Prosthetic Den- tistry. We mentioned before that John Hemmeter taught also in the Depart- ment of Dentistry; at the same time Edward Hoffmeister figures prominent- ly as professor and member of the faculty council. The most outstanding teacher of German descent in the School of Dentistry was Timothy Oliver Heat- wole. The name is an anglicized form of the German Hütwohl. The Heatwoles originated from Steeg, a little wine vil- lage a few miles west of Bacharach on the Rhine. The first Heatwoles came to Pennsylvania in colonial times, then to- wards the end of the eighteenth century migrated southward and settled in Rock- ingham County, in the valley of Vir- ginia, where they engaged mainly in agricultural pursuits. Timothy Oliver Heatwole (born in 1865) rose to a pro- fessional career; in 1895 he received the degree of doctor of dental surgery at the University of Maryland. Very soon he was taken over into the teach- ing staff; in 1907 he was promoted to full professorship of dental materia medica and therapeutics. From 1911 until 1924 he served as Dean of the School of Dentistry; from 1924 until his retirement in 1937 he was connected with the administration of the school. He always showed great interest in civic affairs and served repeatedly in public offices (House of Delegates, City Coun- cil, etc.). Altogether the number of German names in the Department of Dentistry is comparatively small; be- sides these four (Uhler, Hemmeter, Hoffmeister, Heatwole) there seem to have been no teachers of German ex- traction who played a significant part in this department. Much more remarkable is the part of the Maryland Germans in the develop- ment of the Department of Pharmacy. When the department was revived in 1856, two of the three newly engaged teachers were of German stock: Lewis H. Steiner and Charles Frick. The lat- ter's name was mentioned in connection with the Medical School; 1856 he be- came also professor of Materia Medica in the School of Pharmacy. Lewis H. Steiner (1827-1892) was appointed professor of Chemistry. He was a de- scendant from one of the oldest German families in Western Maryland. As pro- fessor of chemistry he taught at various colleges; he was connected with the University of Maryland during the years 1856-61 and 1864-65. He was equally well known in the field of sci- ences and in politics. Through lectures, articles and books as well as through his activity in numerous public offices he established a great reputation inside and outside of Maryland. On account of his broad cultural background and his organizational abilities he was se- lected in 1886 as the first head of the newly founded Enoch Pratt Library in Baltimore. When, in 1861, he resigned from the chair of Chemistry at the uni- versity, another German succeeded to his post: Alfred M. Mayer. In 1872 William Simon was elected director of the chemical laboratory; one year later he became also professor of Theoretical Chemistry. William Simon was born in Eberstadt, Hessia, in 1844, descending from a very old German family of Lutheran clergymen. He graduated from the University of Giessen and in 1870 accepted a position with the Balti- more Chrome Works. At that time only a few people in Maryland were familiar with the great changes which chemistry underwent in these years. In 1871 at the request of some students William Simon began on a very improvised basis courses and lectures on modern chem- istry. In a very primitive room in the College of Pharmacy, for which he him- self provided desks, shelves, apparatus, reagents, etc., he began his work. It was the first place in Maryland devoted to practical laboratory instruction in chemistry—besides similar schools in [10] Charlottesville and New Orleans, the only one in the South. First there were only ten students, then the classes grew and were joined by some of the most prominent physicians and pharmacists in the city. The Trustees of the College, recognizing William Simon's great value, created for him the chair of Analytic Chemistry and provided him with all the facilities he needed. He taught at the college for thirty years (1872-1902), published a standard work, the "Manual of Chemistry" (1884), contributed to various chem- ical and pharmaceutical journals and was equally successful in research and teaching. Down to the present time the University grants annually to outstand- ing students a "William Simon Me- morial Prize for Proficiency in Practical Chemistry." Towards the end of the century the Dohmes (likewise of Ger- man descent) began to figure conspicu- ously in the Department of Pharmacy; for fifteen years two members of the Dohme family functioned as presidents of the college; Louis Dohme (1891-96) and Charles E. Dohme (1896-1906). Both were graduates of the college. We do not need mention how prominently today the name of Dohme (in the name of the firm Sharp and Dohme) ranges in the pharmaceutical industry of the United States. At the same time when the Dohmes stepped into the picture, around the turn of the century, Charles Schmidt held for many years the posi- tion as professor of Pharmacy. During the last decades of the nineteenth cen- tury the name of Charles Caspari be- came increasingly noted in the field of pharmacy in Baltimore. Caspari was the son of German immigrants who had come to America in 1841. He started his career as owner of a drug store and ended it as dean of the Department of Pharmacy. He taught for many years, edited some pharmacological publications and periodicals, published college textbooks, and in 1904 was chiefly instrumental in effecting a closer union of the Maryland College of Phar- macy with the University of Maryland. For many years, in addition to his duties as professor of Theory and Practice of Pharmacy, he held the office of Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy. We might also mention as some of the most out- standing members of the School of Pharmacy in recent years William H. Schultz, Walter H. Hartung, and espe- cially John C. Krantz, whose achieve- ments in the field of anesthetics have found widest recognition. In the history of the University of Maryland Law School we find many German names. When in 1813 a Faculty of Law was added to the Faculty of Physics, the first professor of Law chosen by the Board of Regents was David Hoffman (1784-1854), a mem- ber of one of the oldest Baltimore Ger- man families. Surrounded by influences of literary culture during his childhood and youth, equipped with a fine educa- tion and thorough schooling, he rose very quickly to prominence in the pro- fession of law in Baltimore. Although he appeared on the faculty list of the university as early as 1813, he actually did not start his courses in Law until 1823. From then on until 1836 he was the most esteemed member of the Law School. His collection of law books, bought by the University of Maryland, formed the beginning of the Law Library. He is said to have been a very inspiring and lucid teacher. His scholar- ly achievements, books and articles se- cured for him honorary degrees from the Universities of Oxford and Göt- tingen. He took an active part in Amer- ican politics; in the William Harrison campaign he served as Presidential Elector for the State of Maryland. His greatest merits lie in the realm of legal education; his ideas in this field were far in advance of the practice of his time. His famous book, "Course of Legal Study" (1817), revealed his extraordinary knowledge of foreign lit- erature; he deserves credit for empha- sizing social sciences as a necessary background for legal education. He made vigorous efforts to raise the ethical standards of the legal profession, and his "Resolutions in Regard to Profes- sional Deportment" anticipated most of the present canons of conduct of the American Bar Association. While abroad on one of his numerous trips to Europe he published in the London [11] Times a series of articles on political, social and economic conditions in the United States. We shall refrain from enumerating the titles of his works, ex- cept for two publications which have a direct bearing on the school with which he was connected: "To the Trustees of the University of Maryland in Relation to the Law Chair" (1826), and "In- troductory Lectures and Syllabus of a Course of Lectures Delivered in the University of Maryland" (1837). David Hoffman is undoubtedly one of the most outstanding figures in the history of the university. In the thirties the name of Charles F. Mayer was added to the faculty list of the Law School. He was the son of Christian Mayer, a German immigrant from Ulm; he played an active role in the Whig Party and for many decades was one of the best known lawyers in Maryland. We know, however, nothing about his qualities as a law professor. In the second half of the nineteenth century we come across another Ger- man name: Thomas S. Baer, who held a chair of Law of Real and Leasehold Estates, In 1882 Edgar H. Gans was appointed Professor of Criminal Law. For many years he was also member of the Board of Regents of the Law School. Among more recent appoint- ments the name of Sylvan H. Lauch- heimer ought to be mentioned, whose name was added to the faculty list in 1914. In the year 1839, when the adminis- trative organization of the University was revised, plans were made for a Department of Divinity. Among the teachers appointed to the Faculty of Theology there were two well-known German ministers of the city: Benjamin Kurtz and John Gottlieb Morris. Ben- jamin Kurtz was a descendant of an old ministers' clan whose members had a great reputation in Western Maryland and Pennsylvania since the days of the Revolution. One of them, Daniel Kurtz (whose name appeared on the Univer- sity of Maryland faculty list of 1813), was minister of Zion Church in Balti- more, and when he became old, his nephew, Benjamin Kurtz, was appointed his assistant (1815). A man of greater caliber was John G. Morris (1803- 1895). Son of a German immigrant, he was born in York, Pa., studied the- ology at Dickinson and Princeton, and accepted a call to the First English Lutheran Church at Baltimore in 1827. His greatest merit was to lead the Lutheran Church out of the German- American isolation into the larger sphere of the American nation, to make it an integral part of the American life and to open its doors to everybody whether he knew German or not. It was largely due to his gifts and abil- ities that the experiment of bringing together Lutheranism and the English language turned out to be such a great success. John G. Morris' name comes up several times on the faculty list, in his capacity as dean and as teacher. The faculty of Divinity never existed except on paper; yet John G. Morris did some teaching, not in theology but in natural history, one of his private hob- bies in which he had soon outgrown the stage of an amateur. Unfortunately, not many details about his academic activity are related to us. He contrib- uted more to the university in the un- official role as an informal advisor than as a teacher. Many of the people whose names appear on these early faculty lists never taught at all; frequently the professorship was an office without work or emolument. When in 1813 it was resolved that the School of Medicine should be ex- panded into a full-fledged university, plans were made for a College of Arts and Sciences. Actually the plan did not materialize until 1831. By that time the need for an "Academic or Literary De- partment" had become more and more apparent. At the request and on behalf of the trustees of the University, Judge William Frick, descendant of a German immigrant, delivered a great public address in which he pointed out the liberal 'scheme of education projected in the University of Maryland. He de- nounced the narrow policy which looked merely to the so-called practical concerns of life, and he tried to show that the development of a national char- acter would follow a national litera- ture, that education in liberal arts was [12] by no means a luxury or impractical and that it would have a very direct bearing on the practical and political spheres. A farewell to the liberal arts and sciences, he said, would mean a farewell to the happiness of social life, to the stability of free government. "Then has our national existence no de- pendence on the intelligence and moral- ity of the People. . . . The idea that our free institutions are destined to develop the higher and loftier relations of hu- manity, and to exercise an influence hereafter on the rest of mankind, is visionary. While throughout the en- lightened world the mind has indignant- ly burst the chains of protracted bond- age and the torrent of light and learn- ing is fast covering the dark places, while our own example invokes the communities of the world to deep re- flection and solemn destinies, and the dignity of human nature is represented in our institutions, when everywhere as of old where freedom unfurled her ban- ner, the liberal arts and classic letters are invoked to deck the Corinthian capital of civilization, we are content to weigh those high destinies in the scale of interest and profit and our patriot- ism is extinguished in selfishness." William Frick's address, still preserved in a few copies, is one of the finest documents in the history of American civilization, one of the most persuasive argumentations for the necessity of lib- eral education. A few months after this address had been delivered a "College Faculty" was announced. Three Germans were on this first roster of liberal arts teachers: George Frick, professor of Natural His- tory; Peter H. Cruse, professor of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres; John Uhl- horn, professor of Greek and German. The latter was minister of Zion Church, and, according to many testimonials, an unusually learned man as well as a most effective orator. In the following decades there were only few Germans in the College of Arts and Sciences. German language and literature was mostly taught by native Germans, and it is in this con- nection that the names of A. Freitag, George A. Wittke, Charles A. Wagner annals of the university. In the years between 1907 and 1920, when St. John's College in Annapolis represented the Arts and Sciences College of the Uni- versity, we find two Germans on the faculty list as professors of German and French: F. J. von Schwerdtner and Adolf Schumacher. In the annals also of the College Park branch of the university, i. e., in the history of the old Maryland State College there appear quite a number of German names. The very founding of the Maryland Agricultural College in 1856 took place, to be sure, indirectly under the far-reaching influence of the greatest German chemist of those days: Justus von Liebig. He had become the father of agricultural chemistry, he had just begun to build up the science of agriculture to an academic discip- line—and in this spirit a group of Maryland farmers founded the school in College Park. How consciously they linked their undertaking with the work of the great German scientist is proved by the fact that throughout the sixty- four years in which the college existed as a separate unit, the name Liebig ap- peared on the official seal of the college; hence his name was carried on the first page of every catalogue. In the very central division of the College Park school, in the Department of Agriculture, there were numerous Germans or people of German descent. As early as in the fifties one George C. Schaeffer was professor of Agriculture. In 1879 the services of a distinguished agriculturist were secured, A. Grabow- ski, who came from the Royal Prussian Institute of Agriculture in Wiesbaden. With the beginning of the twentieth century the records of the College of Agriculture show increasingly the great share which people of German descent took in the development of this partic- ular division. Herman Beckenstrater made himself a name in the field of pomology. P. W. Zimmerman, a botan- ist, for several years Dean of the Col- lege of Agriculture, specialized in the rooting of woody plants; he is today one of the most outstanding plant physiologists in the country. J. E. metz- ger of Pennsylvania German stock, [13] well-known in the field of agricultural education as director of the Experiment Station, took a particular interest in the improvement of grains. J. B. Wentz' re- search centered on the breeding and development of corn. F. M. Bomberger, descending of a Western Maryland German family, was connected with the college for many decades. He began in agricultural chemistry; later he switched to social and political science, and for many years acted as college librarian; through the Agricultural Extension Service he worked successfully for co- operative organizations among farmers, particularly for the organization of marketing on the Del-Mar-Va Eastern Shore. Albert L. Schroder's propagat- ing of fruit trees, especially his success- ful experiments in lengthening the life of trees, gained him a great reputation in this field. Frederick H. Leinbach's main achievements lie in the field of animal husbandry; he improved the methods of breeding, feeding and handling of beef cattle, and in connec- tion with the Cattle Breeding Associ- ation reorganized the shipment of cattle on railroads. Charles P. Close, of an old Michigan family, worked in the field of pomology; his great ambition to produce a good early red apple was finally fulfilled through what is known today as the "Close Apple." William B. Kemp must be mentioned as an out- standing teacher in agronomy and an authority in the field of agricultural genetics. Eugene C. Auchter, whose grandparents emigrated from South- western Germany before the Civil War, was for many years Dean of the Col- lege of Horticulture; later he became prominent as chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry, as administrator in the Research Division in the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture and as Director of Research of the Hawaiian Pineapple Institute in Honolulu. We find people of German extraction also in the other departments, in the fields of natural sciences and humani- ties. These, to be sure, played only a secondary part in the early days of the college, but after the reorganization of 1920 they became more and more the main function of the College Park branch.   From the old period (the last decades of the nineteenth and the be- ginning of the twentieth century)  we know the names of E. J. Henkle (Nat- ural History), F. von Brockdorff (An- cient and Modern Languages), William H. Zimmerman (Physics), H. G. Welty (Mathematics   and   Physics),   H.   M. Strickler (Physical Culture). With the beginning of the new era in 1920 quite a number of people of German stock took part in the striking growth which marks the last two decades.   It is im- possible to enumerate them all or to give   an   approximate   complete   list. Suffice   it   to   mention   a   few   whose names figure prominently in the history of   recent  years:   Charles   G.   Eichlin (Physics), of Pennsylvania-German de- scent,  was  one  of the most  popular teachers on the campus; S. S. Steinberg (Civil Engineering), Dean of the Col- lege of Engineering, distinguished him- self in the field of highway construc- tion; Harry R.  Warfel, of old Penn- sylvania . German stock, is well known in   the   field   of  American   literature; Wesley M. Gewehr, the head of the His- tory Department, is an authority in the history of the Old South, the history of the American frontier as well as in pres- ent problems of the Near East; A. E. Zucker, head of the Foreign Language Department,   has   written   on   Henrik Ibsen, on the history of the theatre, and on the lives of famous German-Amer- icans; Reuben G. Steinmeyer, head of the Department of Political Science, a very popular lecturer, did most of his work in the field of international rela- tions; he is the son of a German immi- grant who came from Minden in West- phalia;   in the Department of Educa- tion   Henry  H.   Brechbill,   descendant from an  old German-Swiss family of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, is in charge of the training of science and mathematics teachers;  Ray Ehrensber- ger, whose forbears came from Bavaria, was very instrumental in building up the Speech Department in recent years; Col. Robert E. Wysor, a descendant of Conrad Weiser, one of the most famous German  immigrants  of the eighteenth century, deserves credit for guiding the ROTC and the Department of Military [14] Science in the most critical years. And speaking of the ROTC, we should not forget the old German "Regiments- kapellmeister," the bandmaster, Otto Siebeneichen, whose unforgettable ap- pearance and impressive conducting be- long to the campus atmosphere as much as the Terrapin Monument or the Ross- borough Inn. Not only in teaching, also in the ad- ministrative part of the university life there are German names spread out through more than a hundred years of the existence of the institution. As early as 1826 we find the names of William, Frick and Henry Wilkens on the Board of Trustees; a few years later Solomon Etting, one of the earliest German Jews of Baltimore, served as Chairman of the Committee of the Infirmary. Towards the end of the century David Seibert of Clearspring, Maryland, became one of the trustees. In the Baltimore branch Harry Friedenwald participated in the administration of the Medical School; in College Park Samuel M. Shoe- maker's name appeared on the list of Regents for many years. Between 1928 and 1936 George M. Shriver, Vice- President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, was on the board. Since 1912, the son of a German immigrant from Hessia-Kassel, Henry Holzapfel, Jr., Vice-President of the Potomac Edison Company in Hagerstown, took an active part in the administration throughout his thirty-one years of service on the board of Regents, the last three (1940- 43) as Chairman of the board. Thou- sands of students will remember the director of admission, William M. Hil- legeist, who was connected with the ad- ministration of the university from 1912 until 1940. Likewise the present registrar of the university, Miss Alma H. Preinkert, and the present librarian, Carl W. Hintz, are of German descent. These short notes cannot be anything else but a brief survey of what men and women of German extraction have contributed to the growth of an institu- tion which in recent years has developed rapidly and is constantly progressing. The old German scholar and gentle- man, Judge William Frick, of Balti- more, if he would look at the university today, would certainly find that he did not speak or warn in vain when in 1831 he advocated a liberal education in that famous address from which we quoted before: "Let education fail in its pur- poses and influence . . . and though we may still breathe the air, and speak the language of freedom, its spirit will have fled forever." BIBLIOGRAPHY Bernard C. Steiner, History of Education in Maryland (Washington, 1894). Eugene F. Cordell, History of the University of Maryland 1807-1907 (New York, 1907). John C. Hemmeter (editor), The Centennial Celebration of the Founding of the Univer- sity of Maryland (Baltimore, 1908). Biographical Cyclopedia of Representative Men of Maryland (Baltimore, 1879). William Frick, An Address Preparatory to Opening the Department of the Arts and Sciences in the University of Maryland (Baltimore, 1831). L. R. Grote (editor), Die Medizin der Gegen- wart in Selbstdarstellungen (Leipzig, 1924), containing J. C. Hemmeter's autobiography, pp. 1-62. Who's Who in America. Dictionary of American Biography. Reports of the Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland. Annual Catalogues of the University of Mary- land Medical School in Baltimore and the State College in College Park, Md. Leland G. Worthington, "Forces Leading to the Establishment of the Maryland Agricul- tural College," Unpublished University of Maryland M. A. Thesis, 1933. The author is indebted for information otherwise not accessible to Professor T. O. Heatwole, Baltimore, former Dean of the School of Dentistry, and to Dr. Harry J. Pair terson, College Park, former President of the University of Maryland. [15]